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Thursday, October 27, 2011

Fadel Muhammad


FADEL MUHAMMAD

oleh: Rhenald Kasali; Ketua Program MM UI
dimuat di Harian Seputar Indonesia, 27 Oktober 2011

Secara pribadi saya tidak mengenalnya, bahkan bertemu saja baru satu kali. Itu pun di sebuah forum resmi, dalam diskusi tentang ekonomi kelautan yang diselenggarakan Radio Smart FM di Medan beberapa bulan lalu. 

Namun, sejak Indonesia kehilangan Jusuf Kalla sebagai ”pendobrak” dan ”penggerak” ekonomi yang tidak pernah diam dalam ide, saya menemukan sosok ”bergerak” pada Fadel Muhammad. Selain tangannya dingin, kakinya ringan bergerak. Seperti yang sering saya katakan kepada para ekonom muda, ekonomi Indonesia ini bukannya kereta api otomatis yang cuma butuh jari untuk dijalankan. 

Ekonomi kita adalah sebuah kapal besar yang tak akan bergerak kalau hanya dipikirkan. Ekonomi kita butuh a real entrepreneur yang piawai menggerakkan, melakukan breaktrough dan siap berperang melawan para mafioso. Jadi, pemimpin seperti inilah yang kita butuhkan, bukan harus dikurangi, tetapi perlu diperbanyak. Sayang kalau kita mengabaikannya. 

Berperang Melawan Belenggu 

Fadel mengagetkan kita saat dia maju berperang melawan ”beruang-beruang ekonomi” yang memaksa Indonesia melakukan impor komoditas tradisional yang banyak dikonsumsi rakyat. ”Beruang-beruang” itu tidak hanya memasukkan barang, melainkan juga menyodorkan data-data yang sudah dipoles yang seakan- akan kita sudah kekurangan segala komoditas dari beras, daging sapi,sampai garam, dan bawang merah. Pokoknya semua kurang dan mengancam inflasi. 

Lalu apalagi kalau bukan harus impor? Kita melihat Fadel maju ke depan membongkar kontainer- kontainer berisi ikan kembung yang diselundupkan ke pasar Indonesia. Bukan cuma ikan kembung. Ternyata ikan lele dari Malaysia yang sangat mudah dikembangbiakkan di sini juga membanjiri pasar domestik melalui perbatasan Kalimantan, Pelabuhan Belawan, dan pelabuhan-pelabuhan penting lainnya. 

Dari ikan kembung dia bergerak menyelamatkan industri garam rakyat yang bertahun-tahun digempur para importir bangsa sendiri. Impor-impor seperti itu jelas sangat berbahaya bagi masa depan bangsa ini. Harga impornya boleh sangat murah, dipasarkan dengan dumping atau tidak, tetapi perlahan-lahan mematikan ekonomi rakyat yang tersebar di seluruh pesisir Nusantara. Setelah pertanian terpuruk, kini petambak garam pun dibunuh bangsa sendiri. Fadel-lah yang menuntut agar harga dasar garam rakyat dinaikkan. ”Kalau petambak hanya menerima Rp325 per kilogram, bagaimana mereka bisa hidup?” gugatnya. Dia pun mengusulkan agar dinaikkan menjadi Rp900. Petambak garam tentu senang dan mereka bisa kembali bekerja. 

Tetapi kabar itu tak berlangsung lama karena kita mendengar Kementerian Perdagangan hanya mau menaikkan sampai ke Rp700. Itu pun beredar kabar ada saja pejabat—yang berdalih atas nama pasar bebas—tak mau tanda tangan. Petambak bisa jadi senang kepada Fadel, tetapi importir dan pemberi lisensi impor belum tentu.  Kalau petambak garam dimanjakan Presiden, mereka bisa kembali menyekolahkan anak-anaknya dan makannya bisa lebih terasa enak.Mereka akan giat berproduksi dan impor garam akan hilang. Apakah benar inflasi akan terjadi hanya karena harga garam naik? Beberapa orang meragukannya, pasalnya harga dari petani yang rendah tidak menjamin harga kepada konsumen ikut rendah. 

Bahkan impor murah sekalipun hanya menjadi alasan bagi importir untuk menguasai pasar.Harga akhir yang dibayar konsumen pun tetap saja tinggi. Lantas kalau harga dasar petambak dinaikkan, bagaimana nasib importir? Tentu mereka tidak tinggal diam. Menteri Perdagangan—atas nama perjanjian dagang yang dipayungi WTO—dan kita semua yang pernah belajar teori ekonomi, boleh saja percaya pada kompetisi dan pasar bebas. 

Tetapi secara moralitas,tak ada bangsa yang secara tulus dan ikhlas membuka pasarnya secara bebas,murni 100%. Hanya bangsa yang bodohlah yang membiarkan pintunya dibuka lebar-lebar dan membiarkan ”beruang-beruang ekonomi” menari-nari memorak- porandakan pasar domestiknya. 

Sementara pasar timbal-baliknya dibarikade dengan standar dan peraturanperaturan yang tidak bisa ditembus. Anda tentu masih ingat betapa sulitnya produkproduk kelautan kita menembus pasar Amerika dan Eropa. Ketika Indonesia membuka pasar perbankan begitu leluasa bagi bank-bank asing,misalnya, Bank Mandiri kesulitan membuka satu saja cabangnya di Kuala Lumpur. Apalagi membuka cabang dan jaringan ATM. 

Di Eropa kita juga melihat betapa sengitnya bangsa-bangsa yang percaya pada pasar bebas membuka pasar industri keju lokalnya dari gempuran keju buatan Kraft yang diproduksi secara massal. 

Di Amerika Serikat masih dalam ingatan kita pula, barikade diberikan kepada China saat CNOOC (China National Offshore Oil Corporation) berencana membeli perusahaan minyak Amerika (UNOCAL). Sejumlah anggota kongres menekan Presiden Bush (2005) agar pemerintah membatalkan proposal China tersebut. Keju,minyak,udang,kopi,kertas, minyak sawit, atau tekstil sekalipun selalu dihadang masuk kalau industri suatu bangsa terancam. Jadi apa yang terjadi dengan lisensi impor di negeri ini? Sebuah keluguan atau kesengajaan? Bisakah kita memisahkan perdagangan dari pertahanan dan keamanan kalau wujudnya sudah mengancam kehidupan? Siapa peduli? 


Pro-Poor 

Maka sangat mengejutkan saat pekan lalu kita membaca Fadel Muhammad tidak lagi menjalankan tugas negara sebagai menteri kelautan dan perikanan. Sebagai warga negara kita mungkin terlalu rewel untuk mempersoalkan pencopotannya sebab semua itu adalah hak Presiden. Tetapi bagi seorang yang menjalankan misi Presiden yang pro poor–pro growth dan pro job, saya kira pantas kalau nada sesal layak kita ungkapkan. Dia justru diganti karena membela kepentingan rakyat, pro-poor. Ibaratnya dia tengah berada di garis depan melawan ”beruang-beruang ekonomi” yang hanya memikirkan keuntungan sesaat dengan ”membeli” lisensi impor yang mematikan hak hidup rakyat jelata. Saya sebut mereka ”beruang ekonomi”karena seperti yang dikatakan Fadel, sesendok garam itu asin,tapi sekapal garam adalah manis. Hanya beruanglah yang mampu mengendus rasa manis itu. Tahukah ”beruang-beruang ekonomi”itu bahwa petambakpetambak garam dan nelayan adalah penjaga perbatasan yang melindungi negeri dari segala serangan. Apa jadinya negeri ini bila hidup mereka dilupakan? 

Bukankah lebih baik menjaga pertahanan perbatasan dengan memberikan kapal-kapal yang bagus dan pekerjaan yang menarik kepada para nelayan daripada membeli kapal perang yang tak pernah cukup untuk menjaga bibir-bibir pantai yang begitu luas? 

Maka yang mengejutkan publik sebenarnya adalah mengapa bukan ucapan terima kasih dan bintang yang disematkan pada Fadel; melainkan serangkaian ucapan defensif dari kelompok-kelompok tertentu? 


Karena itu, melalui tulisan ini, saya justru ingin memberi motivasi yang tulus agar Fadel Muhammad tidak berhenti sampai di sini,melainkan terus berkarya bagi kaum papa, petani-petani garam, dan para nelayan yang ”kalah” bukan dari persaingan bebas, melainkan dari ”beruang-beruang ekonomi”yang menjual negeri melalui lisensi impor. 

Seorang pemimpin sejati tidak memimpin hanya karena dipanggil tugas.Pemimpin sejati bertugas karena panggilan. Saya senang membaca berita bahwa Fadel telah kembali bekerja dengan Yayasan Garamnya. Selamat bergabung di sektor ketiga. Inilah sektor kemandirian yang bekerja murni untuk memberantas kemiskinan. 


Inilah sektor non-APBN yang memanggil orang-orang yang mau berjuang tanpa pamrih. Asosiasi Kewirausahaan Sosial yang saya pimpin tentu senang menyambut Fadel.Saya percaya Fadel pasti bisa berbuat lebih besar karena dia punya kekuatan perubahan yang justru tak dimiliki politisi lain. Simpati besar dari rakyat untuk Fadel layak kita sematkan. 


Thursday, October 6, 2011

Steve Jobs' 3 stories


*copas dari milis Forest-GAM*

baca ini saya jadi ikut 'terbakar'., sangat inspiratif...

Gagasan desktop computer datang darinya ketika komputer-komputer IBM masih segede gaban (eh, segede ruangan kelas ketika saya kuliah). Sebelum ada Apple Macintosh, kami harus menulis program komputer dengan punch-card (kartu bolong-bolong) yang diproses oleh komputer mainframe besar.

Jobs juga wiraswastawan tangguh. Bersama Steve Wozniak, dia memulai usaha Apple dari sebuah garasi.

Di bawah ini transkrip pidato terkenal dia yang sangat visioner dan manusiawi ketika berbicara di depan wisuda sarjana Stanford University 2005, bicara tentang bagaimana dia tumbuh dari seorang single-mother dari kecil, menekuni desain dan komputer, kanker yang mendera hidupnya.

'You've got to find what you love,' Jobs says

This is a prepared text of the Commencement address delivered by Steve Jobs, CEO of Apple Computer and of Pixar Animation Studios, on June 12, 2005.

I am honored to be with you today at your commencement from one of the finest universities in the world. I never graduated from college. Truth be told, this is the closest I've ever gotten to a college graduation. Today I want to tell you three stories from my life. That's it. No big deal. Just three stories.

The first story is about connecting the dots.

I dropped out of Reed College after the first 6 months, but then stayed around as a drop-in for another 18 months or so before I really quit. So why did I drop out?

It started before I was born. My biological mother was a young, unwed college graduate student, and she decided to put me up for adoption. She felt very strongly that I should be adopted by college graduates, so everything was all set for me to be adopted at birth by a lawyer and his wife. Except that when I popped out they decided at the last minute that they really wanted a girl. So my parents, who were on a waiting list, got a call in the middle of the night asking: "We have an unexpected baby boy; do you want him?" They said: "Of course." My biological mother later found out that my mother had never graduated from college and that my father had never graduated from high school. She refused to sign the final adoption papers. She only relented a few months later when my parents promised that I would someday go to college.

And 17 years later I did go to college. But I naively chose a college that was almost as expensive as Stanford, and all of my working-class parents' savings were being spent on my college tuition. After six months, I couldn't see the value in it. I had no idea what I wanted to do with my life and no idea how college was going to help me figure it out. And here I was spending all of the money my parents had saved their entire life. So I decided to drop out and trust that it would all work out OK. It was pretty scary at the time, but looking back it was one of the best decisions I ever made. The minute I dropped out I could stop taking the required classes that didn't interest me, and begin dropping in on the ones that looked interesting.

It wasn't all romantic. I didn't have a dorm room, so I slept on the floor in friends' rooms, I returned coke bottles for the 5¢ deposits to buy food with, and I would walk the 7 miles across town every Sunday night to get one good meal a week at the Hare Krishna temple. I loved it. And much of what I stumbled into by following my curiosity and intuition turned out to be priceless later on. Let me give you one example:

Reed College at that time offered perhaps the best calligraphy instruction in the country. Throughout the campus every poster, every label on every drawer, was beautifully hand calligraphed. Because I had dropped out and didn't have to take the normal classes, I decided to take a calligraphy class to learn how to do this. I learned about serif and san serif typefaces, about varying the amount of space between different letter combinations, about what makes great typography great. It was beautiful, historical, artistically subtle in a way that science can't capture, and I found it fascinating.

None of this had even a hope of any practical application in my life. But ten years later, when we were designing the first Macintosh computer, it all came back to me. And we designed it all into the Mac. It was the first computer with beautiful typography. If I had never dropped in on that single course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts. And since Windows just copied the Mac, it's likely that no personal computer would have them. If I had never dropped out, I would have never dropped in on this calligraphy class, and personal computers might not have the wonderful typography that they do. Of course it was impossible to connect the dots looking forward when I was in college. But it was very, very clear looking backwards ten years later.

Again, you can't connect the dots looking forward; you can only connect them looking backwards. So you have to trust that the dots will somehow connect in your future. You have to trust in something — your gut, destiny, life, karma, whatever. This approach has never let me down, and it has made all the difference in my life.

My second story is about love and loss.

I was lucky — I found what I loved to do early in life. Woz and I started Apple in my parents garage when I was 20. We worked hard, and in 10 years Apple had grown from just the two of us in a garage into a $2 billion company with over 4000 employees. We had just released our finest creation — the Macintosh — a year earlier, and I had just turned 30. And then I got fired. How can you get fired from a company you started? Well, as Apple grew we hired someone who I thought was very talented to run the company with me, and for the first year or so things went well. But then our visions of the future began to diverge and eventually we had a falling out. When we did, our Board of Directors sided with him. So at 30 I was out. And very publicly out. What had been the focus of my entire adult life was gone, and it was devastating.

I really didn't know what to do for a few months. I felt that I had let the previous generation of entrepreneurs down - that I had dropped the baton as it was being passed to me. I met with David Packard and Bob Noyce and tried to apologize for screwing up so badly. I was a very public failure, and I even thought about running away from the valley. But something slowly began to dawn on me — I still loved what I did. The turn of events at Apple had not changed that one bit. I had been rejected, but I was still in love. And so I decided to start over.

I didn't see it then, but it turned out that getting fired from Apple was the best thing that could have ever happened to me. The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything. It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my life.

During the next five years, I started a company named NeXT, another company named Pixar, and fell in love with an amazing woman who would become my wife. Pixar went on to create the worlds first computer animated feature film, Toy Story, and is now the most successful animation studio in the world. In a remarkable turn of events, Apple bought NeXT, I returned to Apple, and the technology we developed at NeXT is at the heart of Apple's current renaissance. And Laurene and I have a wonderful family together.

I'm pretty sure none of this would have happened if I hadn't been fired from Apple. It was awful tasting medicine, but I guess the patient needed it. Sometimes life hits you in the head with a brick. Don't lose faith. I'm convinced that the only thing that kept me going was that I loved what I did. You've got to find what you love. And that is as true for your work as it is for your lovers. Your work is going to fill a large part of your life, and the only way to be truly satisfied is to do what you believe is great work. And the only way to do great work is to love what you do. If you haven't found it yet, keep looking. Don't settle. As with all matters of the heart, you'll know when you find it. And, like any great relationship, it just gets better and better as the years roll on. So keep looking until you find it. Don't settle.

My third story is about death.

When I was 17, I read a quote that went something like: "If you live each day as if it was your last, someday you'll most certainly be right." It made an impression on me, and since then, for the past 33 years, I have looked in the mirror every morning and asked myself: "If today were the last day of my life, would I want to do what I am about to do today?" And whenever the answer has been "No" for too many days in a row, I know I need to change something.

Remembering that I'll be dead soon is the most important tool I've ever encountered to help me make the big choices in life. Because almost everything — all external expectations, all pride, all fear of embarrassment or failure - these things just fall away in the face of death, leaving only what is truly important. Remembering that you are going to die is the best way I know to avoid the trap of thinking you have something to lose. You are already naked. There is no reason not to follow your heart.

About a year ago I was diagnosed with cancer. I had a scan at 7:30 in the morning, and it clearly showed a tumor on my pancreas. I didn't even know what a pancreas was. The doctors told me this was almost certainly a type of cancer that is incurable, and that I should expect to live no longer than three to six months. My doctor advised me to go home and get my affairs in order, which is doctor's code for prepare to die. It means to try to tell your kids everything you thought you'd have the next 10 years to tell them in just a few months. It means to make sure everything is buttoned up so that it will be as easy as possible for your family. It means to say your goodbyes.

I lived with that diagnosis all day. Later that evening I had a biopsy, where they stuck an endoscope down my throat, through my stomach and into my intestines, put a needle into my pancreas and got a few cells from the tumor. I was sedated, but my wife, who was there, told me that when they viewed the cells under a microscope the doctors started crying because it turned out to be a very rare form of pancreatic cancer that is curable with surgery. I had the surgery and I'm fine now.

This was the closest I've been to facing death, and I hope it's the closest I get for a few more decades. Having lived through it, I can now say this to you with a bit more certainty than when death was a useful but purely intellectual concept:

No one wants to die. Even people who want to go to heaven don't want to die to get there. And yet death is the destination we all share. No one has ever escaped it. And that is as it should be, because Death is very likely the single best invention of Life. It is Life's change agent. It clears out the old to make way for the new. Right now the new is you, but someday not too long from now, you will gradually become the old and be cleared away. Sorry to be so dramatic, but it is quite true.

Your time is limited, so don't waste it living someone else's life. Don't be trapped by dogma — which is living with the results of other people's thinking. Don't let the noise of others' opinions drown out your own inner voice. And most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. They somehow already know what you truly want to become. Everything else is secondary.

When I was young, there was an amazing publication called The Whole Earth Catalog, which was one of the bibles of my generation. It was created by a fellow named Stewart Brand not far from here in Menlo Park, and he brought it to life with his poetic touch. This was in the late 1960's, before personal computers and desktop publishing, so it was all made with typewriters, scissors, and polaroid cameras. It was sort of like Google in paperback form, 35 years before Google came along: it was idealistic, and overflowing with neat tools and great notions.

Stewart and his team put out several issues of The Whole Earth Catalog, and then when it had run its course, they put out a final issue. It was the mid-1970s, and I was your age. On the back cover of their final issue was a photograph of an early morning country road, the kind you might find yourself hitchhiking on if you were so adventurous. Beneath it were the words: "Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish." It was their farewell message as they signed off. Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish. And I have always wished that for myself. And now, as you graduate to begin anew, I wish that for you.

Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish.

Thank you all very much.